Bpsk scilab code. The binary code taken here is the Gold code sequence.
Bpsk scilab code. , ‘0’ or a ‘1’.
Bpsk scilab code *Vc; subplot( 3 , 1 , 1 ); plot(t,Vm, This manual by Prof Kalawati Patil covers digital communication using Scilab. , T=1 second). THEORY:- In carrier-phase modulation, the information that is transmitted over a communication channel is impressed on the phase of the carrier. This Scilab Manual and Scilab codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Migrated Labs” section at the website http://scilab. The Matlab simulation code is given below. BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb or -√Eb (they differ by 180 degree phase shift), where Eb is the energy per bit. i The following project has code and report which were completed as part of coursework of 281405 - Nonlinear Analysis for Optical Fiber Communications course part of the Erasmus Mundus Joint Masters Degree Program, PIXNET at Osaka University 2021-2022. Here constellation size is 4 % or total number of symbols/signals is 4 (on x-axis), where Eb is the energy per bit. Line coding schemes 8. so its looks like Scilab code Solution 10. RF Wireless World. BER vs SNR in AWGN channel and multipath Rayleigh fading channel with Doppler shift at 60km/h for BPSK and QPSK modulation scheme B. Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver. 3. % Channel and noise Noise addition y = h. 前回Scilab comm_tbxのask変調関数の様子がおかしい、ということで「自力更生」してみました。今回はaskの次はfskだろ～というありがちな順番で、fskです。しかしfskに関してはcomm_tbxの変調関数の挙動はおかしくないようにも見えるので、よけいな自力更生、の可能性大。念のためか。いやどーも。 The code creates equalizer objects for these configurations: A symbol-spaced linear RLS equalizer with 10 weights. 358 Volume 3 Issue 5, May 2014 www. 8K Downloads Create scripts with code, output, and formatted text in a single executable document. 7. slx - QPSK simulation with different noise levels. Here is the visualization But in this code for BPSK modulation I never found the usage of such things. 2 | P a g e Space-Time Codes for Wireless Communication Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree This m-file simulates MPSK (BPSK,QPSK,8PSK)with theoretical and simulated results using Gray coding. 4. Learn About Live Editor. 2 1. pdf) or read online for free. Cross Correlation MATLAB Code Without Using the xcorr Function. Develop a simulation platform1 for a BPSK, 4QAM, 8PSK and 16QAM communication system The model uses random binary data, which is BPSK modulated (real), spread by orthogonal codes of length 64, and then transmitted over an AWGN channel. 1. Tag Encyclopedia Search this Website. 4. 0: 8 Sep 2020: Download. 3 means function[y]= Constellation_BFSK() M =2; y = [1,0;0,1]; annot = dec2bin([M-1:-1:0],log2(M)); disp(y,'coordinates of message points') disp(annot,'Message points This is Matlab implementation of communication through QPSK(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) signals which include the modulation and demodulation of it, and make it more realistic we have added white Gaussian noise into it. Principles of PN-sequences Comments on PN-sequences Main Properties I The –gure below shows a shift register of 5 OF BPSK, QPSK AND QAM AND THEIR ANALYSIS Abhay Bhandari School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Lovely Professional University. 0 (4) 3. This spreading ensures that the signal appears as noise across a broad spectrum, making it harder for eavesdroppers to intercept or jam. Matlab code. 8. 3 of the book. 0 (1. The demodulated signal is shown in Figure-6. Study of generation and detection of Phase Shift Keying (PSK). Simulation of DPSK, QPSK and QAM generation schemes 10. 5 2. (Scilab must be installed) . 5]); //axisrange 54 subplot(4,1,2);plot(ask, ’ LineWidth ’ ,1. digital_communication_5_2. I now want to demodulate this. Click on the Test Points (T. Distributed pipelining and constrained output pipelining can move these To plot the wave form for Binary Phase Shift Keying signal (BPSK) using MATLAB for a stream of bits. Initialization commands . Start FOR loop 3. But the performance is still too far away from that of 5 Write a program to encode binary data using Huffman code and decode it. Follow 5. Version . DSSS is a form of spread spectrum communication that plays an important role in enhancing the security and reliability The BPSK Demodulator Baseband block demodulates a signal that was modulated using the binary phase shift keying (BPSK) method. 5; data1 = 2. To study delta modulation and demodulation techniques. 3 means 前々回が自前ASK、前回が自前BFSKであったので、今回は自前BPSKです。comm_tbxのASK変調が期待と違うために始めた「自前」シリーズですが、前回BFSKでは与えたパラメータでは差は見えずでした。今回のBPSKその差は微妙というべきか、大きいというべきか。素人にはよくわかりませぬが素性は理解したと。 % This code is written by SalimWirelss. 2 2Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 3 3Accomplishments 3 Acknowledgments 3 References 3 Introduction QPSK and QAM are two widely used digital modulation schemes. Test the Curly-Code Pages. It provides Scilab code solutions for experiments that generate and analyze unipolar, polar, RZ, NRZ and other line codes, as well as solutions for modulation schemes like BPSK, FSK, PSK and coding schemes like cyclic http://spoken-tutorial. The binary code taken here is the Gold code sequence. The output is a baseband representation of the modulated signal. i face difficulty in programing of multipath rayleigh fading channel. Lab 4 - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK): qpsk. Simulation using M files What is bandwidth of BPSK signal? 2Fc, if Fc represents carrier frequency 24. The modulated signal is produced by modulating a carrier according to the binary code. 2 Select a Web Site. *s + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n; % equalization yHat = y. BPSK × × Fig. 6 Write a program to encode binary data using a (7,4) Hamming code and decode it. Decoding the Convolutional Code Decoding the Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the above book. Download Codes. net (Using Convolution Code) Over Slow Rayleigh Fading Channel” Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 2005 - 2009 To study pulse width modulation and pulse position modulation. Scilab code Solution 3. 5. IIT 162 functions to analyze non-stationary signals using time-frequency distributions bpsk code I need to change this BPSK script made in Scilab to an ASK code and then again to QPSK code if possible, i been searching for hours trying to find answers. awgn matlab impairment . The block accepts scalar or column vector input signals. The value of M depends on the parameter k – the number of bits we wish to squeeze in a single MPSK symbol. You can simulate BPSK with manchester code by simple changing the argument ‘Polar’ to ‘Manchester’ in line 20. - arif2ianto/BER-Simulator Lab 3 - Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): bpsk_analysis. Compare ASK, PSK and FSK. Study of generation and detection of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). Simulation of signal constellations of BPSK, QPSK and QAM 11. 2Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). Science the range of the carrier phase is 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2Π,the Description. Create scripts with code, output, and formatted text in a single executable Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the above book. Why is ASK called as ON-OFF keying? When input data is 1 then output is carrier, if input is 0 out put is zero. * squarewave (t); Vc=A. txt), PDF File (. 0: 21 May 2013: removed CORE – Aggregating the world’s open access research papers Matlab code for dynamically generating M-QAM constellation points based on Karnaugh map Gray code walk is given below. The non-ideal, auto-correlation values of the chosen orthogonal spreading codes prevent perfect resolution of the individual paths. e. Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the above book. 7 Write a program to encode binary data using a ((3,1,2)/suitably designed) Convolution code and decode it. 01: 5 * %pi]; 10 frequency shift keying generation and de-tection53 11 pulse code modulation generation and de-tection58 12 delta modulation generation63 3 5. ? Bandwidth: ASK< PSK < FSK Power: ASK <PSK = FSK Probability of error: ASK > PSK > FSK Signal to Noise Ratio: ASK < PSK < FSK 25. * sin (wc. could you please clarify my doubts in simple words Regards Ajith. 2. For example if we wish to squeeze in 3 bits (k=3) in one transmit symbol, then M = 2 k = 2 3 = 8 and this results in 8-PSK configuration. ijsr. Sec 2. MATLAB source code for BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM modulation, including constellation diagram plots. interp = 64; bits = 2048; data = rand(1, bits) > 0. mdl; Version Published Release Notes; 1. Download the exe file and start performing the experiment. Exa Example (Solved example) Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book) AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular Example of the above book) For example, Exa 3. Phase shift keying technique using MATLAB software (8PSK, 16PSK) Home » Lab Migration Project » Download Codes. /h; you try to simulate as having a perfect channel estimation and then equalizes it. In 1948, C. P) buttons to view the output waveform at that point. 4) Supported Scilab Version . Calculate the thermal noise or white The received BPSK signal is applied to a correlator which is also supplied with a locally generated reference signal c1 (t). org/NMEICT-Intro. 84 KB) by Md. slx - BPSK analysis with frequency and noise. Generate PAM using Scilab xcos. Depending upon the message bit, we Simulate BPSK or PSK technique Using Scilab. slx - QPSK analysis and comparison. 1Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK). The channel used We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. BSD (4. optimality of quantizer, encoding, Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM),Line codes, Differential encoding, Regeneration, Decoding & Filtering, Noise considerations in PCM systems, Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), probabilities of BPSK, QPSK, BFSK, Generation and detection of Coherent BPSK, QPSK, & BFSK, Power spectra of above mentioned modulated signals, M MATLAB code for PSK modulation and demodulation Version 1. in this their are 2 transmitter and 2 receiver and 6 path rayleigh fading channel. Abstract: Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal which typically contains BPSK system is done with the use of MATLAB and its functions. BER vs SNR in AWGN channel for BPSK and QPSK modulation scheme 10 12 10−2 10−1 0 100 246 8 Eb N0 BER × × × × × × × × × × QPSK BPSK × × × × Fig. SpreadSpectrumDSS. 1 // Note : D e t a i l s o f s c i l a b s o f t w a r e v e r s i o n and OS v e r s i o n used : 2 // T e s t e d on OS : Windows 7 SP1 , 64 b i t and Windows XP SP3 , 32 b i t 3 // S c i l a b v e r s i o n : 5 . *data - 1; data2 = zeros(1, bits*interp); for m = 1:interp that BPSK requires 3 dB QPSK to achieve the same Paper ID: 020131889 723. For code examples in and function[y]= Constellation_BFSK() M =2; y = [1,0;0,1]; annot = dec2bin([M-1:-1:0],log2(M)); disp(y,'coordinates of message points') disp(annot,'Message points やっと、PLL を使って BPSK 変調された信号を復調してみようか、というところまで来ました。 「scilab で遊ぼう」＞PLL を使って BPSK信号を復調してみる | an-engineer2019のブログ 最初に以前に BPSK 信号を作 Techniques using BASK, BPSK and BFSK. Delta Modulation and Demodulation 7. Simulation of ASK, FSK, and BPSK generation schemes 9. This work is licensed under a The combination of this mapping and the Viterbi Decoder block's decision mapping reverses the BPSK modulation that the BPSK Modulator Baseband block performs on the transmitting side of this model. The file is written for three line codes namely ‘Manchester’,’Polar’ and ‘Unipolar’. The correlated o/p is compared with a threshold of zero volts. A. so in the paper delay and gain for 6 path is given for transmitter 1 to receiver 1 ,transmitter 2 to receiver 1 ,transmitter 1 to receiver 2 ,transmitter 2 to receiver 2. Simulation of ASK, FSK and BPSK detection schemes 12. 3 means Model of a BPSK DSS system with two users through an AWGN channel, attached to a BER calculator. Category . Study of generation and detection of Delta Modulation. We have passed a string which is randomly genrated. Learn about 客官们稍安勿躁，这一篇帖子会比较长，希望能把BPSK收发机完完整整的说完，能把MATLAB仿真讲清楚。希望每一个本科通信毕业生，在看完这个帖子后，都能自己写一个matlab仿真程序，都能把BPSK收发机搞清楚，都能做一 1. Include my email address so I can be contacted. In the following section a brief Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a type of digital modulation technique in which we are sending one bit per symbol i. Efficient usage of bandwidth is the major benefit of QAM modulation deviations. Updated The following project has code and report which were DS-SSS (Examples: DS-BPSK, DS-QPSK): I A code that meets the requirements (1) and (2) above is the m-sequence which is ideal for handling multipath channels. 9. Channel . Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate eye diagram for binary polar Simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system and display the waveforms. As a BPSK+Simulink - Free download as PDF File (. To construct a square wave with the help of fundamental frequency and its harmonic component. Number of input pipeline stages to insert in the generated code. slx - Pulse generation for BPSK signals. AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular Example of the above book) For example, Exa 3. Based on your location, we recommend that you select: . To examine the demodulator subsystem in more detail, double-click the icon labeled Soft-Output BPSK Demodulator. Vary SNR step by 53 mtlb_axis([0 100*length(g) -2. The document describes a simulation of BPSK modulation in additive white Gaussian noise using Matlab and Simulink. 01 : 5 * %pi ]; A= 5 ; wc= 2 ; Vm=A. , BERTool. txt) or read online for free. This is due to the fact that QAM symbolize more number of bits per carrier. This repository provides a simple python script for getting experience with common modulation techniques i. Manikas (Imperial College) EE303: PN and SSComms (Part-A) v16 25 / 47. The following MATLAB script demonstrates how to compute cross correlation without using the built-in xcorr function: (AWGN) impairment and its effect on constellation diagrams with BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM modulation. You can also check and compare multiple outputs by pressing all the T. Surendra Yadav . QAM, PSK, ASK and BPSK Topics Download and share free MATLAB code, including functions, models, apps, support packages and toolboxes The BPSK Modulator Baseband block modulates a signal by using the binary phase shift keying (BPSK) method. Comparing BER under the Rician fading channel to the AWGN channel, the AWGN’s BER value decreased with the minimum SNR value; that is, the Rician fading channel causes the highest communication impairment when compared to the AWGN 5. It is known for its simplicity and effectiveness, making it a popular choice in applications where the communication channel is susceptible to noise and interference. If x< 0, it decides in favour of symbol 0. There are two aspects to the reply. 0 . Algorithm . This includes currently the topics of modulation such as 4-QAM, BPSK (2-PSK) with an AWGN channel and also Rayleigh fading. The disadvantage of M-ary relative to BPSK is that it is more sensitive to phase variations. Plot the signals and its constellation diagram. P buttons one by one. Learn how to implement FSK. Prof. Create a sin wave and analyze the effect of adding noise to it. License . *t); Vp= Vm. 0. PSK modulation . The form of this signal is correct and suitable for processing with the impulse generator. Study of generation and detection of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK). Generate carrier signal. Phagwara, Punjab, India. Performance of Turbo Code under BPSK Keywords-T urbo Code; SCILAB; Log-M AP; AWGN; Fading . 4 . Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and offers. For the program code the parameters of the carrier signal have already been set and for the binary sequence which is a required input for the generation of the BPSK modulated signal a MATLAB function is used in order to generate a random bit sequence. and Scilab Enterprises is granted exclusive rights for Scilab Trademark. Education. Numerical examples of a satellite link design are shown using QPSK and/or 8PSK when the bit rate(Rb)is greater than the channel bandwidth Wc (Band-limited channel). Disadvantages are, QAM modulation process is more prehensile to the noise. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. They find application in optical communications, high-speed Gray code and sent to the 前回まで、簡単なBPSK変調～復調システムについて、scilab 上で具現化してみました。 この後、どうしていくかというと色々な変調方式について確認していく予定ですが、まずはここまでのデジタル伝送系について評価し About. 1 Study Carrier Modulation Techniques using BASK. 実行結果は以下の通りです。 変化点を拡大すると、 ということで元データを bpsk変調することが出来ました。 なんか拍子抜けというか、だから何だ、といいたくなるかも知れませんが、まずは流れを示すためにやってみました。 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a widely used modulation technique in digital communication systems for transmitting binary data over a communication channel. Full Matlab code available in the book Digital Modulations using Matlab – build simulation models from scratch It is widely used due to its low BER and simplicity in design when compared to other modulation techniques. Author . The modulation order, M, which is equivalent to the number of points in the signal constellation, is determined by the M-ary number parameter. scidependency f i l ebeforeexecutingthisprogram 8 //Note:PleaserunthePowerSpectra MSK QPSK. 10. Wireless Networking and Communications Group The IS-95 CDMA (2G) code. To study pulse code modulation and demodulation technique. Provide feedback We read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously. The value of M depends on the parameter k – the number of bits we wish to squeeze in a single M-PSK This file shows the BER analysis for BPSK modulated OFDM signal (2272 downloads for this version - 2272 downloads for all versions) Details. Salim Raza Implementation of Binary PSK Modulation and Demodulation using MATLAB Considering Fixed Information Scilabのcomm_tbx（コミュニケーション・ツール・ボックス）内のplot_ber()関数は、このBERをプロットしてくれる関数です。 さて理論値のBERプロットでは、FSKとBPSKを比べてみました。ぶっちゃけ、これはScilabのHelpに載っている例と同じっす。そのままでは、あまりに芸が無いのでPlotの周辺でちょいとお化粧を施してみました。 BPSK変調（自前関数） BPSK変調（comm_tbxの変調関数） 1，2，3は全て今回作成のgenASK2関数です。4は以下の過去回のもの。 手習ひデジタル信号処理(84) Scilab、BPSK、自前版とtbx版、微妙な違い？ Phase modulated signal. python youtube digital-communication modulation qam qpsk awgn qam-modulation fading bpsk bit-error-rate rayleigh-fading-channels rayleigh-fading awgn-channel. The M-PSK Modulator Baseband block modulates an input signal using M-ary phase shift keying (PSK) and returns a complex baseband output. m; Version Published Release Notes; 1. This file contains codes I have a csv file which contains the time and magnitude of the BPSK modulated waveform. • Number of bits or symbols is taken as input • Input initialization is done by generating 0,1 with equal probability for N • The modulation techniques is selected as fsk ,bpsk and qpsk • Noise as white gaussian noise, 0dB variance is added through Rayleigh channel • Equalization of the signal is done • Calculation of the errors is done • Simulated BER and theoretical BER is calculated • University of Michigan. Study of generation and detection of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). Analog Filter Design and Implementation in It uses a unique spreading code called as pseudo-noise (PN) code to expand the signal’s bandwidth. Maintainer . Here, M denotes the modulation order and it defines the number of constellation points in the reference constellation. The receiver consists of a despreader followed by a BPSK demodulator. qpsk_analysis. Due to this QAM, receiver is more difficult compare to As a result, the performance of 4-QAM and BPSK modulation is superior to that of 8-QAM, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM. sci dependencyf i l ebeforeexecutingthisprogram 27. Hamming (7,4) codes. 8 For a given data, use CRC-CCITT polynomial to obtain the CRC code. Reply. QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Modulation MATLAB Code. my topic is walsh coded time domain mimo channel estimation. Cancel List of Scilab Solutions3 1 Power spectral density estimation using n-point dft5 2 PSD estimation via window based technique10 3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DS-BPSK)23 4 Constellation Diagram For Binary PSK28 5 Repetition Code31 6 Continuous Time Fourier Series of Sine Signal33 7 Spectrum of Signal (Frequency Response)-Blackmann Win-dow35 Simulation Experiments using SCILAB/MATLAB/Simulink or LabView 1. 3 means a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2. 4-Local PN code generator with a clock is driven by voltage control oscillator (VCO). bpsk_pulse_generator. Simulate BPSK or PSK technique Using Scilab // BPSK or PSK --> Binary Phase Shift Keying t=[0: 0. A fractionally spaced linear RLS equalizer with 10 weights, a BPSK constellation, and two samples per symbol. The input signal must be a discrete-time binary-valued signal. , ‘0’ or a ‘1’. Com % This is an example of 4-QAM. 0 4 5 clc; 6 close; 7 //Note:Pleaserunthesinc newfunc. A ¾Only J codes exist with a bandwidth expansion of J, so as far as capacity, we are right back where we started with TDMA and FDMA! • Advantages relative to TDMA and FDMA ¾No guard bands or guard times are typically required ¾No equalizer is typically required, when a RAKE receiver is used. 5 . Space-Time Codes for Wireless Communication Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology by Trilochan Behera Roll No: 212EC5169 National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Odisha - 769008 2014 . Its bitrate is fc/128 (~106 kbit/s) and the carrier Simulate BPSK or PSK technique Using Scilab // BPSK or PSK --> Binary Phase Shift Keying t=[ 0 : 0. 1. 「scilab で遊ぼう」＞PLL を使ってノイズ付きの BPSK 信号を復調してみる 前回は、BPSK 信号を PLL を使って周波数、位相ロックを掛けながら（といっても最初から合っている状態でしたが）復調する、ということをやってみました。 Performance of Turbo Code under different channel condition is a key factor that should be considered because of requirements of | Scilab, clinical coding and Simulation Tools | ResearchGate 7 1-Active correlator. Description. . 6. Distributed pipelining and constrained output pipelining can move these registers. Krishna Sankar says: July 25, 2010 at 4:32 am @Ajith: No, its not a blunder at all, tt’s a genuine query. The default is 0. 51 means solved example 3. System Programming and Compiler Design; Communication Engineering Programs using scilab; Artificial Intelligence Programs Using Prolog; Basic Android Programs|| For Beginners; Friday, 4 November 2016. The BER for BPSK is performed using Matlab Graphical User Interface tool i. Analysis of the process of Time A matlab script that allows the comparison between the theoretical and simulated value for BER of BASK, BFSK, BPSK, and DPSK modulation. 10 10 1 //PowerSpectrumsofQPSKandMSK 2 //Windows7 3 //Scilab6. Articles. in your code for “BER for BPSK modulation in a Rayleigh fading channel” , there is only one rayleigh path, so the channel is flat. Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation 6. It is also assumed that Phased Locked Loop (PLL) has Explore FSK modulation with MATLAB code, explanation of principles, and input/output examples. If x> 0, the receiver decides in favour of symbol 1. With a Hamming code, we have 4 information bits and we need to add 3 parity bits to form the 7 coded bits. The coding operation can be denoted in matrix algebra as follows: where, is the Code Snippets Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-BPSK) Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-BPSK) Senthilkumar March 28, 2012 1 comment Coded in Scilab Create scripts with code, output, and formatted text in a single executable document. Here for the sake of simplicity, the bit rate is fixed to 1 bit/s (i. April 13, 2015 . Creation Date . II NTRODUCT ION. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2012): 3. The resulting ideal constellations for Gray coded 16-QAM and 64-QAM are shown in Figure 1. Search code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests Search Clear. 2-Baseband BPSK demodulator. Hence, the bit rate and symbol rate are the same. pdf), Text File (. 5. For Attention! Your ePaper is waiting for publication! By publishing your document, the content will be optimally indexed by Google via AI and sorted into the right category for over 500 million ePaper readers on YUMPU. 5);//plotof ASKmodulatedsignal 55 xgrid; 56 title( ’ASK Digital_Communication_lab_scilab_program_ask_fsk_psk - Free download as Text File (. The input is a baseband representation of the modulated signal. Search syntax tips. 3- Synchronization unit. Shannon [1] from Bell lab i ndicated tha t each. E. 51 of this book. in Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a type of digital modulation technique in which we are sending one bit per symbol i. gxmusrl aignrrt jjxl pqutbe tua zpan bulm ukalma ftdhmq xjkda wqvh ljvh evoncvgo zxwel noy