Advantages of biological wastewater treatment

Advantages of biological wastewater treatment. Biological treatment is also used for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Nov 21, 2019 · Disadvantages of MBBR Wastewater Treatment. In retrospect, says Rittmann, it’s obvious what was happening: The microbial ecosystem living in the sewage got a jolt of oxygen and started metabolizing like mad. g. One of the purposes of the biological wastewater treatment is the organic matter removal by means the microorganisms growth (1,2). Activated sludge is the most widely used suspended growth system, either in the most conventional configuration or as an oxidation ditch or sequential batch reactor, among others. The treatment effect is attempted by the optimal association between the bacterial growth and the substrate removal (3,4). Although the sludge process is effective for biological wastewater systems, it has some drawbacks that make it undesirable. Oct 10, 2022 · Unlike biological wastewater treatments, chemical treatments use chemical reactants. EPA’s Office of Research and Development presented a webinar called Jul 23, 2021 · This study aims to establish a simple and efficient method for the mass culture of bdelloid rotifers, which is the basis for the application of bdelloid rotifers as biological manipulators to improve wastewater biological treatment performance. in the fluid entering the treatment plants. Toxins are removed during the treatment process which produces clean and safe water. 3. Over the past couple of decades, MBRs have surfaced as efficient wastewater treatment techniques as they fill in the gaps left by Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 403 Obviously, the exact ranking of the above advantages depends on the local economic and societal conditions. Much of the cost associated with chemical wastewater treatment is the cost of purchasing the reactants. To achieve the desired effluent quality for disposal or reuse, various technological options were reviewed. h of batch Rotating biological contactors (RBC), also called rotating biological filters, are fixed-bed reactors consisting of stacks of rotating disks mounted on a horizontal shaft. Biological wastewater treatment is categorized into three major classes, namely aerobic, anaerobic, and anoxic treatment processes. Pollutants and bacteria in wastewater can cause severe damage to water resources, resulting in further damage to humans and other animals that come in contact with tainted water. As the points above show, one of the major benefits of anaerobic treatment is its improved energy efficiency and the lower volume of residual solids produced as digestate. Jan 1, 2023 · Request PDF | On Jan 1, 2023, Rengasamy Sathya and others published Towards sustainable wastewater treatment by biological methods – A challenges and advantages of recent technologies | Find Apr 8, 2024 · Here are the five major benefits of wastewater treatment. There is an urgent need to develop hybrid treatment technology for the effective remediation of various organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater. No one knows it all. , 2019). Another advantage of biological wastewater treatment plant is its economy. Not in life, and not in the complex world of wastewater Biological wastewater treatment technologies are seen as modern alternatives to conventional techniques that play a crucial role in improving human health and water quality. The biological treatment of wastewater is based on the ability of a set of microorganisms that are capable of degrading the organic matter present in the wastewater for its own growth. Water shortages are on the rise — as are the costs of wastewater treatment and processing. They can be carried out using sludge or biofilm processes. These microorganisms are responsible for the degradation of both organic wastewater constituents and nitrogen compounds. They are used in conventional wastewater treatment plants as secondary treatment after primary Apr 9, 2022 · 2. Hence, biofilm processes have gained popularity, since they address the drawbacks of sludge treatments, such as the high rates This review discusses bioreactor-based methods for industrial hydrocarbon-containing wastewater treatment using different (e. What is physical wastewater treatment. Within our bespoke Bio-reactor, a biomass of bacteria works tirelessly to break down the biodegradable waste and convert it into carbon dioxide and water. 13 and. They are also less sensitive to variations in the wastewater feedstock pH and temperature, reducing management and monitoring requirements and allow for greater variability in production. Whereas other types of water treatment can use sensors to Jan 1, 2021 · Particulate matter and organic pollutants in wastewater can be removed or treated using various physicochemical methods (e. This strategy is used to control eutrophication in water bodies, either in designing a new wastewater treatment facility or to upgrade an existing facility. In this way, we try to prevent the adverse effects caused by chemical treatment of wastewater such as chemical accumulation in water bodies or algal blooming. Nevertheless, due to the presence of biodegradable organic matter Jul 2, 2015 · biological treatment method for wastewater [1, 2]. They are partially submerged and rotated as wastewater flows through. Enter custom biological wastewater treatment. Overpopulation, industrialization, and unregulated discharge result in the occurrence of the contaminants in water bodies, which calls for treatment technologies. As evidenced in the large scale-up, this technological solution surpasses aerobic methods in many aspects. Low biological solids yield which means less wasting than seen in aerobic treatment. Thanks to filtration, pollutants do not adversely affect the environment. 5 with a cradle-to-gate system boundary, the analysis utilizes the IMPACT 2002 + method, employing per cubic When considering an anaerobic digester unit you should first know the advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic waste treatment: Advantages. Similarly, copper (II) ions reported to have toxic effect on microorganisms in biological wastewater See full list on enbiorganic. Here’s an overview of two popular methods for gaining “bug control. Mar 1, 2024 · This study suggests feasible insights into the future directions of biological wastewater treatment including anaerobic digestion, autotrophic denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation, also provides a new outlook towards the development of anaerobic biotechnologies for sustainable and low-carbon wastewater treatment. Mar 23, 2021 · The biological wastewater treatment of domestic wastewater can be divided into two main aerobic processes; that is, suspended growth and fixed film processes. 2019; Khan et al. Provides clean, safe water processed. Total sludge production from wastewater treatment within the European Union is almost 10 M t dry solids (DS) [ 19 ] and the treatment and management of sewage sludge residues is a highly topical subject Jan 1, 2021 · Biological wastewater treatment is a modern technique in which wastewater is treated with microorganisms instead of chemicals. Mar 16, 2024 · The treatment processes are categorized into three categories, viz. Harnessing the power of bacterial and other micro-organisms, biological wastewater treatment is an economic way to breakdown organic contaminants from a wide variety of wastewater streams. Here are the key conclusions. The obvious economic advantage, both in terms of capital investment and Oct 1, 2023 · After wastewater treatment, biological by-products such as biodiesel and biochar can be obtained, which has good economic benefits. Water is a renewable resource. This chapter thus briefly discusses different biological methods, specially biofilm technologies, the development of biofilms on different filter media, factors affecting their development as well as their structure and function. artificial biological treatment plant) equipped with an aeration system [1 -5]. ( 2019 ) that different ENPs such as CNT, TiO 2 , nanofibers and ZVI has been successfully researched for the aim of wastewater treatment and polishing (Ghasemi et al. An additional significant benefit of some of these innovative technologies is that they can also result in a net gain of treatment capacity. 2021a, b, c). Compared to other treatment methods, biological methods have certain advantages such as (1) treatment technology is traditional and well understood; (2) enhanced efficiency in terms of organic content removal; (3) cost-effective; and (4) environment friendly and Sep 8, 2021 · Almost every industry is shifting its thinking to incorporate environmental stewardship. Mar 15, 2007 · The development and application of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for full-scale Municipal wastewater treatment is the most important recent technological advance in terms of biological wastewater Jun 28, 2018 · In general, conventional wastewater treatment consists of a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes and operations to remove insoluble particles and soluble contaminants from effluents. Since land filling is no option for Oct 1, 2013 · Activated sludge is a conventional biological treatment process. The obvious economic advantage, both in terms of capital investment and operating costs, of biological treatment over other treatment processes like chemical Biological treatment of wastewater is a very effective and common treatment step in many industrial and municipal wastewater facilities. However, most practical operations are accompanied by several advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the However, the treatment technologies can be broadly classified into three main categories: biological, physicochemical, and hybrid [12,19,20, [22] [23][24][25][26] as shown in Fig. , activated sludge process and biofilter). The preliminary stage of the treatment process uses large filtering screens that remove large solid inorganic material such as paper, plastic, and metal. Experts believe Indeed biological wastewater treatment is an environmentally friendly method that forms less sludge and is relatively inexpensive (Changotra et al. Attached Growth. Sep 1, 2021 · wastewater purification from organic and biogenic elemen ts is performed by an aeration tank (an. A common bdelloid rotifer, Habrotrocha sp. Biological treatment is an important and integral part of any wastewater treatment plant that treats wastewater from either municipality or industry having soluble organic impurities or a mix of the two types of wastewater sources. The current technology has proved some benefits and provides effective treatment of wastewater. Jul 27, 2022 · biological wastewater treatment. Aerobic, anaerobic and hybrid bioreactors are becoming increasingly popular in the field of oily wastewater treatment, while high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons usually require physico The wastewater biological treatment system under study is composed of two stages of oxygenated ponds in series. 1. The two categories of biological treatment are suspended-growth and attached-growth 7) Clean And Safe Processed Water. While both rely on a process of microbial decomposition to treat wastewater, the key difference between anaerobic and aerobic treatment is that aerobic systems require oxygen, while anaerobic systems do not. The volume of wastewater, the pollutants’ complexity and the amount of reactant necessary will help determine the total expense. By Kevin Westerling, @KevinOnWater. , 2007). Dec 8, 2023 · Benefits-wise, aerobic systems are typically more cost-effective to install compared to anaerobic wastewater treatment systems. Biological wastewater treatment is a process that seems simple on the surface since it uses natural processes to help with the decomposition of organic substances, but in fact, it’s a complex, not completely understood process at the intersection of biology and biochemistry. The highest removal of microalgal cells was about 63% recorded after 72. The disadvantages of an MBBR system include: Manual monitoring: One disadvantage that applies to MBBR systems also applies to biological water treatment processes in general. "Primary treatment" removes about 60 Jan 1, 2021 · Enhanced phosphate removal from wastewater is a sewage treatment configuration applied to the activated sludge systems for the removal of phosphate, which can be achieved by placing an anaerobic zone at the front end of the conventional activated sludge process. Discover the different types of MBR systems and their applications in wastewater treatment and reuse. Jan 14, 2023 · Learn about the principle, types, process, and uses of Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) technology. Mar 16, 2023 · Pharmaceuticals and personal care products present potential risks to human health and the environment. 2011 Sep 30, 2021 · Similar treatment systems might share a significant part of their phage population including a characteristic genomic fingerprint, i. Physical and chemical wastewater treatment processes are often used in conjunction with biological treatment to enhance the removal of pollutants and to Jan 1, 2023 · Therefore, with the multifarious and interspersed water challenges, countries will need to progress the mode to achieve their water resources and related services. To many, it is unknown to them that wastewater can be turned into reusable water. In particular, wastewater treatment plants often detect emerging pollutants that disrupt biological treatment. Aug 5, 2021 · By the 1920s, this process was being adopted by sewage treatment plants everywhere, and it is still the most widely used biological wastewater treatment in the world. Jun 1, 2019 · Micropollutants or contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are released into the environment from a wide variety of sources. Toxins in wastewater are removed during the process to produce clean and safe water. Jul 27, 2023 · The microbial consortium used for water treatment offers many advantages over pure culture. Wastewater can be reused, and reusable water help save money and save the earth. In this process, microorganisms are cultivated as a biofilm on carrier material. Jan 15, 2024 · Industrial organic wastewater contains a lot of energy, and recycling energy from industrial waste water is an important way to achieve carbon neutral treatment of industrial waste water. Biofiltration is also common in wastewater treatment , aquaculture and greywater recycling, as a way to minimize water replacement while increasing water quality . The activated sludge process is a traditional biological method with a lower capital cost and limited operating requirements than more advanced treatment methods. Apr 9, 2019 · This chapter will explore and discuss the main advantages and limitations of using this green technology for wastewater treatment based on our expertise and the latest insights on this topic. Wastewater treatment is an important process for protecting both the environment and human health. This review illustrates the wastewater treatment process by utilizing microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and yeast), highlighting the advantages and applications of microbes over other conventional approaches. Optimal biological behavior is the linchpin of successful secondary wastewater treatment. As with any possible solution, MBBR also involves some disadvantages. Employing SimaPro v9. As a practical application, reverse micellar extraction (RME) has the advantages of ease of scaling-up and continuous operation. Nov 24, 2020 · During wastewater treatment, nitrogen and phosphorus are consumed by microbes and hence there is reduction of these nutrients during biological treatment. (1) Feb 20, 2024 · Nowadays, the discharge of wastewater is a global concern due to the damage caused to human and environmental health. Subsequently, the separation of these Dec 1, 2021 · The need for an excess supply of water and the generation of high effluent quality upon proper treatment technologies has become a necessity. Wastewater treatment using algae has the following advantages over the convectional Nov 2, 2023 · Abstract. Wastewater quality may be defined by its physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. The process destroys contaminants, as opposed to removing them, and, therefore, does not produce contaminant-laden waste streams. Chitosan, a versatile and environmentally friendly biopolymer derived from chitin, has emerged as a promising material for wastewater treatment applications. It’s time for ecologically sound innovation. Jul 13, 2016 · Biological wastewater treatment systems play an important role in improving water quality and human health. Jan 17, 2021 · Combined treatment of wastewater with a biological wastewater treatment processes and ENPs may result inefficient removal of pollutants. Biological treatment methods adopted for BW can be generally classified into two major divisions as aerobic and anaerobic treatments. Biological wastewater treatment is a technology where the main objective is to transform dissolved and particulate biodegradable constituents into acceptable end products. It employs a series of rotating discs to support microbial growth and promote the removal of pollutants from wastewater. These two crucial needs can be achieved with the aid of membrane bioreactor (MBR) that has been proven to be effective in removing organic and inorganic matters as a biological unit for wastewater treatment. Due to the adverse effect on human health, micropollutant-containing wastewater needs to be treated before its discharge. e. The biological treatment of wastewater is one of the fundamental bases of this field, and the employment of new technologies based on granular biofilm systems is Nov 27, 2023 · Improving the efficiency of anaerobic digestion. However, these factors are also polluting the existing water bodies and therefore, limiting the water supply. But the process is less effective in removing drug residues and requires a lot of maintenance (Nagda et al. Table 3 Biological treatment has been used in Europe to filter surface water for drinking purposes since the early 1900s and is now receiving more interest worldwide. The ex-situ technologies. Keywords: biofilm; bacteria; nitrification; denitrification; exopolymeric substances 1. Introduction The biological treatment is one of the fundamental processes for the treatment of con-taminated water in WWTPs, as it mainly involves the removal of toxic contaminants such as inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. Biological wastewater treatment system display a number of advantages over physical and chemical wastewater treatment systems. This is followed by the removal of the grit and silt which are abrasive to plant equipment. Feb 12, 2024 · Next comes the Biological Treatment. This chapter briefly discusses the different types of effluents, gives a general scheme of wastewater treatment, and describes the Apr 22, 2021 · Physical and biological treatment technology are considered a highly feasible and economic way to treat slaughterhouse wastewater. It was reported by Anjum et al. Wastewater treatment has progressed to provide environmentally and economically sustainable technologies. Biological wastewater treatment technologies are a fundamental element of conventional systems, the main objective of which is to degrade organic material and remove nutrients [79]. Mar 1, 2012 · To control eutrophication in receiving water bodies, biological nutrient removal (BNR) of nitrogen and phosphorus has been widely used in wastewater treatment practice, both for the upgrade of Feb 15, 2021 · Important benefits of constant flow for wastewater treatment facilities include economic and operational savings, stable and predictable treatment performance, energy savings, ability to optimize performance for the removal of specific constituents, and the ability to assign pathogen log removal credits (LRCs). Environmental biotechnology is still the Oct 20, 2006 · This concise introduction to the fundamentals of biological treatment of wastewater describes how to model and integrate biological steps into industrial processes. , in a wastewater biological treatment system was selected as the culture target. 2. 1 Introduction. Jun 18, 2018 · Wastewater treatment. Learn the advantages and disadvantages or pros and cons of Wastewater Treatment. Tolerant of heavy loadings, actually heavy loadings of 5 - 10 kg COD/m3 of reactor volume is almost a necessity compared Feb 29, 2024 · This review focuses on chemical oxidation as an alternative to biological secondary treatment for municipal wastewater. Nov 1, 2021 · Centralized wastewater treatment plants have played an important role due to the excellent quality control and economic benefits resulting from the treatment (Gikas and Tchobanoglous, 2009). Advantages of biological wastewater treatments Biological wastewater treatment (anaerobic and aerobic digestion reactors) takes advantage of the ability of certain microorganisms (including bacteria) to assimilate organic matter and nutrients dissolved in the water for their own growth, thus removing soluble components in the water. Dec 1, 2023 · This comprehensive review delves into the world of BESs, offering an in-depth exploration of their mechanisms, applications, and sustainability aspects in the context of water treatment. Chemical Wastewater Treatment: Which Is Better for Your Industrial Facility?”, we examine the key differences between the two wastewater treatment methods, including how they work and typical applications, so your facility can be sure it’s properly using (or planning to use) the technologies ideally suited for its specific processes and treatment needs. Dec 21, 2022 · Anaerobic wastewater treatment is still a dynamically developing technology ensuring the effective degradation of organic compounds and biogas production. Global water demand is continuously growing due to rising population and associated industrial and agricultural activities. Mar 5, 2014 · Biological Treatment 101: Suspended Growth Vs. Ochoa-Herrera et al. , filtration, chemical coagulation, sedimentation, ozone decomposition and ultraviolet treatment) and biological methods based on the metabolic potential of microorganisms (e. Oct 29, 2022 · The ultimate goal of wastewater treatment plants is used to achieve the permissible limit for discharge of wastewater stipulated by environmental conservation and protection organizations like WHO (World Health Organization), pollution control boards, etc. Nov 22, 2022 · In the present scenario, microbial wastewater treatment is the most significant frontier area of environmental research. , 2010). RBC is widely recognized for its simplicity of design, high reliability, and low energy consumption. However, when designing or upgrading an AD plant there are numerous ways to maximize operational efficiency – improving Apr 20, 2022 · Biological wastewater treatment is commonly recognized, but it has several significant disadvantages, such as being sluggish in the process, limited due to a non-biodegradable pollutant, and potentially causing microbe toxicity (Anjum et al. The separation process of particulate matter and solids in industrial and sanitary effluents is called physical purification. It is also possible to include different expanding array of configurations and various operational modifications to meet the effluent May 13, 2022 · Biological treatments are integral processes in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Sep 8, 2015 · Sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), due to its operational flexibility and excellent process control possibilities, are being extensively used for the treatment of wastewater which nowadays is fast becoming contaminated with newer and more complex pollutants. No single biological or physico-chemical treatment technique was found capable of removing up to 80% of the influent COD, TSS and color simultaneously from the textile wastewater. Biological treatment remains effective even in the presence The MBBR process (fluidised bed process) is a technology for biological wastewater treatment. , physical, chemical, and biological, each having specific advantages depending on the wastewater characteristics (Figure 2). Credit statement. The major aim of wastewater treatment is to remove as much of the suspended solids as possible before the remaining water, called effluent, is discharged back to the environment. In biological wastewater treatment, many aerobic as well as Jun 1, 2017 · Biological wastewater treatment. Apr 5, 2024 · What are the advantages of using biological treatment? Biological treatment can achieve high removals (greater than 90 percent) of nitrate and perchlorate. Sep 1, 2014 · Other critical parameters such as treatment time, ease of operation and chemical cost employed were also considered. Due to the many advantages and application prospects of biological treatment methods, many scientists have focused on the biological treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater. Apr 30, 2020 · This is a technology that combines biological processes like activated sludge and membrane processes like UF, NF, MF, etc. Most works included in this review are referenced in Google Scholar and the Web of Science, with the majority being published between 2000 and 2023. S. Jan 1, 2022 · Abstract. , stirred-tank, membrane, packed-bed and fluidized-bed) constructions. In this article, “Biological vs. Global sensitivity analysis has been performed prior to the formulation of a parameter estimation problem, subject to the differential algebraic system Biological treatment is an important and integral part of any wastewater treatment plant that treats wastewater from either municipality or industry having soluble organic impurities or a mix of the two types of wastewater sources. , a common or established core of phages characteristic of a treatment process or geographic area, as observed in a study of the viral genome of 14 wastewater treatment plants (Otawa et al. But it takes a long time for rain and evaporation to eliminate toxins. Rotifers fed on flour could Biological wastewater treatment harnesses the action of bacteria and other microorganisms to clean water. It has Nov 7, 2022 · Wastewater is an industry primed for environmentally conscious transformation. Jan 1, 2014 · The maximum microalgal and microalgal–bacterial system growth rate were 0. Feb 21, 2024 · The wastewater treatment process must be divided into different treatment stages to ensure good water and sanitation quality. A number of conventional physicochemical methods have been extensively studied for micropollutant degradation. 2 Overview of advantages in algae based wastewater treatment. The main advantage of domestic biological wastewater treatment plants is the possibility to discharge wastewater directly into the soil. Apart from organic matter, microorganisms need water containing nutrients, basically nitrogen and phosphorus, to grow. 2021). However, owing to their one or more Dec 1, 2015 · Their benefits of application in wastewater treatment are derived from the nanoparticle characteristics: enhanced reactivity, surface area, sub-surface transport, and/or sequestration characteristics (Brar et al. It also tackles various conventional and modern molecular Mar 11, 2021 · Advantages of domestic biological sewage treatment plant. In a recent testament to the future of biological treatment, Nicholas Dugan of the U. Biological wastewater-treatment processes are widely adapted to remove soluble, colloidal and suspended organic substances. Jan 1, 2020 · The integration of AOPs and biological treatment in the fluidized-bed bioreactor (FBBR) provides a better solution for cost-effective treatment of recalcitrant pollutants present in the wastewater. This technique of biological treatment of wastewater capitalises on natural processes and is one of the standout advantages of biological wastewater . In the Netherlands, excess sludge handling is the cost-determining factor in operating wastewater treatment systems. 0. RS, MVA and SI outlined and drafted the Anaerobic and aerobic systems are both forms of biological treatment that use microorganisms to break down and remove organic contaminants from wastewater. ”. com May 15, 2024 · Abstract. Apr 3, 2024 · The research conducts a life cycle assessment (LCA) on wastewater treatment (WWT) methods—membrane bioreactor (MBR), soil biotechnology (SBT), and bio-electrochemical constructed wetlands (BCW)—in comparison with the conventional activated sludge process (ASP). Oct 12, 2020 · The main stages of wastewater treatment include: primary sedimentation, followed by biological treatment by the activated sludge (AS) process . As solid material decays, it uses up oxygen, which is needed by the plants and animals living in the water. Its unique properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and adsorption capacity, make it an attractive option for addressing the growing challenges of water pollution. (2009) reported the toxicity of fluoride to microbes in biological wastewater treatment systems. This paper systematically reviews the methods, feasibility and potential of energy recovery of industrial organic wastewater. The most appropriate wastewater treatment system will help a facility avoid harming the environment, human health, and a facility’s process or products (especially if the wastewater is being reused). 4 , centralized treatment is a feasible practical option for wastewater treatment and resource recovery in highly populated areas. for wastewater treatment purposes or for resource recovery from wastewater [7,88]. Due to the microorganisms living in biofilms, the The goal of this review is to help in protecting water resources using effective treatment method. MBR is a water treatment method that combines the process of biological treatment with membrane filtration to remove pollutants and produce high-quality effluent. Naturally derived microbiology allows WWT facilities to pursue environmentally responsible treatment processes. The book first covers the chemical, physical and biological basics, including wastewater characteristics, microbial metabolism, determining stoichiometric equations for catabolism and anabolism, measurements of mass transfer and wastewater treatment facilities reduce their energy demands, costs, chemical usage, or solids production while reliably meeting discharge permit limits. About 3% of the earth’s water is drinkable. 10 day –1, respectively. Depending on the type of sewage, there may be pieces of fabric, the foliage of trees, sand and plastic parts, etc. The first stage is aerobic oxygenated and the last one is facultative oxygenated. Organic pollution is one of the primary culprits of several phenomena, including eutrophication, decline in dissolved oxygen, and build-up of toxins, which impact the Jul 16, 2020 · Biological wastewater treatment has developed for more than 100 years, and new concepts about future wastewater treatment have been put forward worldwide. As shown in Fig. In industries with direct environmental impact — such as wastewater treatment (WWT) — a general call to May 18, 2023 · A rotating biological contactor (RBC) is a type of attached-growth biological wastewater treatment system and a widely used biological wastewater treatment technology. Its advantages stem from the feasibility of operation at a high organic load rate, the smaller production of difficult-to-manage Oct 6, 2016 · Biological treatment of drinking water, defined by the use of bacteria to remove contaminants, has emerged as an increasingly popular alternative to traditional use of chemicals. 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