Sqlalchemy get table schema

Sqlalchemy get table schema. execute(. ForeignKeyConstraint ¶ A table-level FOREIGN KEY constraint. base import Countries, Capitals # We declare A collection of metadata entities is stored in an object aptly named MetaData : from sqlalchemy import *. __table__. May 5, 2024 · The schema name for a Table as documented at Specifying the Schema Name is applied to an individual Table using the Table. Engine. metadata = MetaData() class Base(object): __table_args__ = {'schema': None} Base = declarative_base(cls=Base, metadata=metadata) When you do engine. Define an extension to the sqlalchemy. Tables with other schema were not retrieved. CheckConstraint , Column , CreateIndex , CreateTable , DDLElement , ForeignKey , ForeignKeyConstraint , Index , and PrimaryKeyConstraint are several other callables with code examples from the same sqlalchemy. table_names() SQLAlchemy provides the runtime inspection API to get the runtime information about the various objects. I am aware of this question but this workaround does not work for defining the schema. 0. """. For example, to establish a one-to-many relationship between User and Post models: A Table object can be instructed to load information about itself from the corresponding database schema object already existing within the database. When we work with a relational database, the basic data-holding structure in the database which we query from is known as a table . expression. Here's a successful unit test that I created for SQLAlchemy 0. get_materialized_view_names May 5, 2024 · The MetaData object contains all of the schema constructs we’ve associated with it. database connection Dec 7, 2021 · The MetaData is an object which consists of Table objects keyed to their string names. 4 based on Antoine's answer as proof of concept: One is binding the instance to a very specific Flask application: app = Flask(__name__) db = SQLAlchemy(app) The second possibility is to create the object once and configure the application later to support it: db = SQLAlchemy() def create_app(): app = Flask(__name__) db. Above, the alembic command makes use of the configuration in [schema2] , populated with defaults from the [DEFAULT] section. SELECT name, sql FROM sqlite_master. connection. Mar 10, 2016 · For example, given this very basic example. The ‘prefix’ argument indicates the prefix to be searched for. 000 entries query = ( session. prepare(engine, reflect=True) MontEmp = Base. You need Table to build a table. 2) about SQLAlchemy reflections - how to specify Oracle schema for table Oct 7, 2023 · SQLAlchemy allows you to define relationships between tables using attributes like ForeignKey and relationship. I needed to specify the schema name as a parameter in the method (get_table_names(schema=schema_name). Table('test17', metadata, autoload=True) edited Jul 18, 2023 at 7:31. To start using the SQLAlchemy Expression Language, we will want to have _schema. schema argument. The names are expected to be real tables only, not views. The more difficult problem is the handling of schema migrations. MetaData collection associated with the declarative base, and each specified _schema. Below I am sharing a short . When using Core as well as when using the ORM for bulk operations, a SQL INSERT statement is generated directly using the insert() function - this function generates a new instance of Insert which represents an INSERT statement in SQL, that adds new data into a table. declarative import declarative_base. To select data from a table via SQLAlchemy, you need to build a representation of that table within SQLAlchemy. If you want to work with higher-level SQL which is constructed automatically for you, as well as automated persistence of Python objects, proceed first to the tutorial. What is not checked. SQL Statements and Expressions API. from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Column, Integer, String, text from sqlalchemy. get_foreign_table_names (schema = None) ¶ Return a list of FOREIGN TABLE names. base. Return a LATERAL alias of this Selectable. import sqlalchemy as sa def get_class_by_table(base, table, data=None): """ Return declarative class associated with given table. PostgreSQL allows to define the tablespace in which to create the index. url, sqlalchemy. The core of SQLAlchemy’s query and object mapping operations are supported by database metadata, which is comprised of Python objects that describe tables and other schema-level objects. Nov 14, 2011 · Using table creation as normal: t = Table(name, meta, [columns ]) This is the first run where I create the table. Dialect. Throughout, we’ve relied upon the create() and create_all() methods of Table and MetaData in order to issue data definition language (DDL) for all constructs. Create an Engine. May 5, 2024 · method sqlalchemy. COLUMNS. Schema Definition Language. Assuming that both databases old and new already have a schema in their respective DBs, you would need two separate bases and engines. See get_class_by_table docs for more information. I need to create a SQLAlchemy engine for a database, that doesn't use the default schema. c. py and europe. Jul 26, 2012 · Utility function for this has been added to SQLAlchemy-Utils. The schema feature of SQLAlchemy interacts with the table reflection feature introduced at Reflecting Database Objects. cursor() rs = cur. May 5, 2024 · The delete() function generates a new instance of Delete which represents a DELETE statement in SQL, that will delete rows from a table. execute() in ORM, a SELECT statement is emitted in the current transaction and the result rows available via the returned Result object. schema package contains SQL expression constructs that provide DDL expressions, all of which extend from the common base ExecutableDDLElement. ORM Quick Start. A collection of metadata entities is stored in an object aptly named MetaData: from sqlalchemy import MetaData metadata_obj = MetaData() MetaData is a container object that keeps together many different features of a database (or multiple databases) being described. schema module of the SQLAlchemy project. * Column types are not verified. Notice that 'dbo' is the default schema. Table. Mar 4, 2024 · Automap. create() and sqlalchemy. conn = sqlite3. The declarative mapping process will generate a new _schema. engine. There are primary varieties which are the “FROM clause columns” of a FROM clause, such as a table, join, or subquery, the “SELECTed columns”, which are the columns in the “columns clause” of a SELECT statement, and the RETURNING columns in a DML statement. WHERE type='table'. To represent a table, use the Table class. ezalchemy import EZAlchemy DB = EZAlchemy( db_user='username', db_password='pezzword', db_hostname='127. So far I've gotten the tables to build without a schema with the code below. * Relationships are not verified at all (TODO) :param Base: Declarative Base for SQLAlchemy models to check. You could always let SQLAlchemy programmatically create an empty database and dump the SQL from there. The above table is ultimately the same one that corresponds to the Mapper Oct 3, 2017 · I cannot access the tables in schema_1 or schema_2, unless I specify the path in the query: con. schema package. from alembic import operations def process_revision_directives(context, revision, directives): """Modify the MigrationScript directives to create schemata as required. I think you forgot to bind your MetaData to the engine. Once the MetaData object is created, we can declare Table objects. format(table)) engine. May 5, 2024 · The primary means of querying is to make use of the select() construct to create a Select object, which is then executed to return a result using methods such as Session. Looks like you have two questions here: 1) about Oracle schemas - how to find schema and tables in Oracle. For example, to produce a CREATE TABLE statement, one can use the CreateTable construct: May 5, 2024 · Using SELECT Statements ¶. In the most simple case you need only specify the table name, a MetaData object, and the autoload_with argument: Jun 5, 2021 · We can use the Inspector feature available in the SqlAlchemy API to create new tables. This is where SQLAlchemy-migrate can help Mar 4, 2024 · Does SQLAlchemy support ALTER TABLE, CREATE VIEW, CREATE TRIGGER, Schema Upgrade Functionality?¶ General ALTER support isn’t present in SQLAlchemy directly. Base = declarative_base() class Notification(Base): Mar 4, 2024 · A Table object can be instructed to load information about itself from the corresponding database schema object already existing within the database. Apr 14, 2021 · inspect_engine. I know I can somehow use the MetaData class to reflect the existing DB I'm connecting to, but I'm unsure of how to get the actual corresponding Table from the metadata. Since the table is also massive in size (millions of entries), prolibertas answer was not satisfying in terms of performance. In other words, for future accesses, I'd like to simply do: This is pretty easy with regular sql but I can't seem to figure out how to do it using sqlAlchemy table models A collection of metadata entities is stored in an object aptly named MetaData: from sqlalchemy import * metadata = MetaData() MetaData is a container object that keeps together many different features of a database (or multiple databases) being described. get_table_names (schema = None) ¶ Return all table names in referred to within a particular schema. query(myTable) . The above table is ultimately the same one that corresponds to the Mapper Jan 3, 2024 · Creating a table in SQLAlchemy is a clear process that involves defining your schema as a class and using the ORM’s built-in methods to carry out the database operations. if table in to_delete: sql = sqla. Connection, and is suitable for ad-hoc execution of any kind of usage described in SQLAlchemy Core documentation as well as for usage with the sqlalchemy. Currently we check that all tables exist with all columns. I am not able to define a specific schema on an inherited class using __table_args__ because SQLAlchemy throws sqlalchemy. Results are then returned in terms of Result objects, including sub-variants such as ScalarResult. name))) instead. execute() and Session. However, this gets tedious as you have to do it for each table (I go lots of tables). This is usually the equivalent of the string-based “tablename. Jan 20, 2020 · In the next step, we are going to create two more files, in which we will reflect the two actual schemas of our database, asia. Emit CREATE TABLE DDL. Another option is to add the following function to modify the MigrationScript directives in env. Table object. If it is the problem of connection why get_schema_names Oct 25, 2017 · The only difference between the tables is that the postgres table is going to run within a specific schema and the sqlite one will not. table (name: str, * columns: ColumnClause [Any], ** kw: Any) → TableClause ¶ Produce a new TableClause. check out the new automap feature in SqlAlchemy 1. Backend-Specific Options¶ Table supports database-specific options. The keys of interest to engine_from_config() should be prefixed, e. The delete() statement from an API perspective is very similar to that of the update() construct, traditionally returning no rows but allowing for a RETURNING variant on some database backends. Table objects constructed that represent all of the database tables we are interested in working with. The sections below will illustrate how these objects are used in both a Core-oriented style as well as an ORM-oriented style. data, postgresql_tablespace='my_tablespace') New in version 1. from sqlalchemy import select, MetaData, Table, Column, String. Mar 4, 2024 · Customizing DDL. In SQLAlchemy, the database “table” is ultimately represented by a Python object similarly named Table. the_table') Is there any way to specify the default path of the query to schema_1 without the need of specifying the full path in the query itself? I tried with: con. schema. declarative import declarative_base engine = create_engine('sqlite://', echo=False) Base = declarative_base() class User(Base to_delete = ['job', 'function'] # Get all tables in the database. In online mode, this is an instance of sqlalchemy. Inspector. It worked for me but I have used custom primaryjoin and secondaryjoinexpressions in combination with composite primary keys. Define the 'schema' attribute for this :class:`_expression. May 5, 2024 · SQLAlchemy ORM. db") cur = conn. get_table_names(), except that the list is limited to those tables that report a relkind value of f. The tablespace can be specified on Index using the postgresql_tablespace keyword argument: Index('my_index', my_table. reflection. Example 1 from PyHive. dialect)) engine = create_mock_engine("postgresql+psycopg2 Jul 3, 2019 · This is how I do it using SQLite3: I run an SQL to print out the schema of all tables in the database: import sqlite3. Table( method under SQLAlchemy v 1. Feb 16, 2022 · I had a similar problem. schema` argument. 7; Question. get_table_comment (connection, table_name, schema = None, ** kw) ¶ Return the “comment” for the table identified by table_name. Mar 30, 2021 · It’s easy to set up a Table that uses autoload=True in conjunction with a mapped class: class MyClass(Base): __table__ = Table('mytable', Base. May 5, 2024 · The breadth of SQLAlchemy’s SQL rendering engine, DBAPI integration, transaction integration, and schema description services are documented here. get_table_names (schema: str | None = None, ** kw: Any) → List [str] ¶ Return all table names within a particular schema. commit() Also there is available has_schema method for Inspector objects (created with inspect method) which can be used as a dialect-agnostic interface for database A collection of metadata entities is stored in an object aptly named MetaData: from sqlalchemy import * metadata = MetaData() MetaData is a container object that keeps together many different features of a database (or multiple databases) being described. May 9, 2016 · Sub-classing - You create a base Mixin for schema and subclass it for each concrete tables. declarative system which automatically generates mapped classes and relationships from a database schema, typically though not necessarily one which is reflected. Apr 15, 2021 · sql server information_schema temp tables; sqlalchemy get ids; Illuminate\Database\QueryException SQLSTATE[HY000] [2002] Connection refused (SQL: select * from information_schema. If you are connecting to a database that already has tables, SQLAlchemy can detect that schema and create tables with columns automatically. ORM readers, stay with us! As with other sections, Core users can skip the ORM sections, but ORM users May 5, 2024 · attribute sqlalchemy. from sqlalchemy. May 5, 2024 · PostgreSQL supports sequences, and SQLAlchemy uses these as the default means of creating new primary key values for integer-based primary key columns. Mar 4, 2024 · A declaratively mapped class will always include an attribute called __table__; when the above configuration using __tablename__ is complete, the declarative process makes the Table available via the __table__ attribute: # access the Table user_table = User. execute(CreateSchema("new_schema", if_not_exists=True)) connection. The difference between the two is that in the Sep 24, 2018 · The specificity of the method depends your individual needs and what you already have implemented. Table'> use str((cls. It may be used to construct lightweight table constructs. PGInspector. Parameters: schema¶ – Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema. FromClause`. 0 of SQLAlchemy there's available if_not_exists parameter for the CreateSchema class. connect("example. Jun 19, 2018 · Since version 2. The SQLAchemy table is one of the large toolkits with lots of different components like sqlalchemy core and sqlalchemy orm the core is the schema-centric model that can be treated as the database part it defines with the rows, columns, and tables for the object-centric view the objects may be of any business objects that encapsulate the database schema with Feb 1, 2011 · I'm not sure if this works with foreign keys, but someone could try to use SQLAlchemy's Multi-Tenancy Schema Translation for Table objects. dialects. I'm connecting to a SQL Server and manipulating with SQLAlchemy. Table('users', md, autoload_with=engine) – Jan 23, 2014 · This won't work if you need table name in string since it will return <class 'sqlalchemy. class sqlalchemy. Parameters: schema¶ – Schema name. def prep_ddl(table_name: str): May 5, 2024 · function sqlalchemy. For example, MySQL has different table backend types Above, _schema. Table is a class within the sqlalchemy. Behavior is similar to that of Inspector. Column objects are placed inline with the class definition. reflection import Inspector. Note that the same option is available on Table as well. This approach is useful, if you expect that in future the schema for different tables might diverge. Here, the Object Relational Mapper is introduced and fully described. classes. The dictionary is typically produced from a config file. Column Elements and Expressions. But this hasn't been a big enough of an issue for anyone to step up and scratch their itch. So as an example, I have this short script that manually creates/defines a table and then a function that inserts data into that table. echo, etc. metadata_obj=MetaData() A single MetaData object is enough for an entire application. table_names(): # Delete only the tables in the delete list. metadata = db. execute('SET search_path TO "schema_1";') Jun 10, 2009 · Yes, that (a foreign key to the player ID in the score table) is exactly the right way to do it. This is typically ``None`` for most objects except that of :class:`_schema. May 5, 2024 · Using INSERT Statements. scalars(). The schema, table, and respective constraints are taken care by the "Inspector API"- Jul 3, 2015 · 2. May 5, 2024 · Automapping same-named tables across multiple schemas¶. metadata, autoload=True, autoload_with=some_engine) However, one improvement that can be made here is to not require the Engine to be available when classes are being first declared. Column object will become part of the schema. 7. Then a = engine. If you don't see any tables - it means the tables are created in another schema. ArgumentError: Can't place __table_args__ on an inherited class with no table. See the section Reflecting Tables from Other Schemas for additional details on how this works. The setup for each of the following sections is as follows: from __future__ import annotations from typing import List from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey from sqlalchemy Mar 4, 2024 · A declaratively mapped class will always include an attribute called __table__; when the above configuration using __tablename__ is complete, the declarative process makes the Table available via the __table__ attribute: # access the Table user_table = User. Jun 8, 2023 · Introduction to SQLAlchemy Table. prepare. orm import sessionmaker from sqlalchemy. HasSchemaAttr. execute() in Core and Session. MONTGOMERY_EMPLOYEE. colname” argument first passed to the object’s constructor. We will be using the set_table_styles() method of the Styler class in the Pandas module. The object returned is an instance of TableClause, which represents the “syntactical” portion of the schema-level Table object. For the common case where multiple schemas may have same-named tables and therefore would generate same-named classes, conflicts can be resolved either through use of the AutomapBase. postgresql. get_schema_names(); my_table in the list which returns by inspect_engine. . method sqlalchemy. get_view_names() method. text("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS {}". For special DDL on an ad-hoc basis, the DDL and related constructs can be used. In the preceding sections we’ve discussed a variety of schema constructs including Table , ForeignKeyConstraint , CheckConstraint, and Sequence. sql. MetaData(bind=engine) test17 = db. Table object against the _schema. tables where table_schema = laravel and table_name = migrations and table_type = 'BASE TABLE') sqlalchemy core in clause; sqlalchemy check if database exists I needed to get the raw table sql in order to setup tests for some existing models. 1', db_database='mydatabase', d_n_d='mysql' # stands for dialect+driver ) # this function loads all tables in the database to the Mar 4, 2024 · method sqlalchemy. get_view_names() and/or Inspector. in other words that line in this example would be: table = sqlalchemy. In future executions I would like to use the table without having to indicate the [columns]. execute('USE MySchema') a connection is made to the database, the statement executed and the connection returned to the connection pool. This is called reflection. The most common foundational objects for database metadata in SQLAlchemy are known as MetaData, Table, and Column . When creating tables, SQLAlchemy will issue the SERIAL datatype for integer-based primary key columns, which generates a sequence and server side default corresponding to the column. import sqlalchemy as sa. Right now I'm doing a lot of things manually and I want to do things more 'pythonically' and dynamic. Oct 8, 2020 · To do that, I wrote the below code to access the table: INFORMATION_SCHEMA. connection¶ – Optional, use a specified connection. The above mapping is an example of what’s known as Annotated Declarative Table configuration. You say, "I'm fairly new to using relational databases, so I prefer using a good ORM to simplify things," but you really should take the time to learn how relational database work, even though you're using an ORM, otherwise you'll end up with terrible schema and queries. declarative import declarative_base # We import the common tables from our abstract base class. If a new field needs to be added in only one table you can add it only in sub-class. MetaData. g. text of the comment Oct 28, 2019 · from sqlalchemy import MetaData metadata = MetaData() What is here the definition of metadata and MetaData? Are they both objects? Is MetaData() a function or something else? According to SQLAlchemy documentation MetaData is: a container object that keeps together many different features of a database (or multiple databases) being described. Apr 9, 2022 · 0. create_all() methods of Table, MetaData. – PankajKushwaha. The solution in SQLAlchemy-Utils is able to cover single table inheritance scenarios as well. The schema translation map can be passed directly to the engine creator: Like with the encoding of literals of types. exc. py: # asia. 0' warning -> by consulting SQLA meta data docs I found that removing the autoload=True arg clears that warning. ForeignKey. Default is the contextual_connect for this Engine. The syntax of creating a MetaData object is as below: from sqlalchemy import MetaData. compile(dialect=engine. Here a performance comparison on my table with 94 columns: # First create a query with 100. modulename_for_table hook, which Jul 8, 2017 · pip install sqlalchemy_data_model_visualizer create a script where you import your models and render a svg: from yourapp. May 5, 2024 · The sqlalchemy. In contrast to the ORM’s domain-centric mode of usage, the SQL Expression Language provides a schema-centric usage paradigm. What I want to be able to do is something like this: from sqlalchemy import create_engine string = "oracle+cx_oracle://batman: [email protected] :1525/some_database" engine = create_engine(string, schema="WEIRD_SCHEMA") tables = engine. In the most simple case you need only specify the table name, a MetaData object, and the autoload=True flag. May 5, 2024 · Setting up table metadata using both Core and ORM approaches is introduced in the SQLAlchemy Unified Tutorial at Working with Database Metadata. ¶. Whether you need to define simple tables or handle complex relationships and migrations, SQLAlchemy, combined with tools such as Alembic, provides a rich toolkit to make Does SQLAlchemy support ALTER TABLE, CREATE VIEW, CREATE TRIGGER, Schema Upgrade Functionality?¶ General ALTER support isn’t present in SQLAlchemy directly. init_app(app) return app. ext. connect() gets that same connection from the pool but the next two calls to connect are new connections that know nothing about the USE statement executed on the first connection so they would also have to have the USE May 24, 2015 · def is_sane_database(Base, session): """Check whether the current database matches the models declared in model base. May 5, 2024 · A quick walkthrough of the basic relational patterns, which in this section are illustrated using Declarative style mappings based on the use of the Mapped annotation type. yourdb import Model1, Model2 models = [Model1, Model2] generate_data_model_diagram(models, "diagram") May 5, 2024 · Create a new Engine instance using a configuration dictionary. New in version 1. py:. get_columns(schema="my_schema", table_name="my_table") not working; I saw my_schema in the list which returns by inspect_engine. import sqlalchemy as sa from sqlalchemy. For both Core and ORM, the select() function generates a Select construct which is used for all SELECT queries. table_names (schema = None, connection = None) ¶ Return a list of all table names available in the database. execute('select count(*) from schema_1. For example, if you have a table "dog" into the "animal" schema: from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String. One of the common use case is get all tables and their column metadata in a schema in order to construct a schema catalog. 1. get_table_names(schema="my_schema") Version: sqlalchemy 1. execute(sql) # Making new tables now the old ones are deleted. import sqlalchemy as db. Then when we run the alembic command, we simply give it the name of the configuration we want to use: alembic --name schema2 revision -m "new rev for schema 2" --autogenerate. Given a string table_name and an optional string schema, return table comment information as a dictionary with this key: text. sqlalchemy. The mapping of an existing database's schema is achieved using automap_base(). Tables with schema "dbo" were retrieving with method get_table_names(). text of the comment Jun 27, 2023 · Let us see how to style a Pandas DataFrame such that it has a border around the table. for table in engine. It is hoped that the AutomapBase system provides a quick and modernized solution to the problem that the very famous SQLSoup to_delete = ['job', 'function'] # Get all tables in the database. This seems redundant as it should already be specified in the table schema. Your help is greatly appreaciated. When using Declarative tables, this option is passed like any other to the __table_args__ dictionary: Nov 2, 2017 · You can also specify the schema name in the class definition (is not your specific case but I think it's a common situation). ORM Readers -. I'd like to "connect" to this specific schema and modify / add data only to this one. Mar 14, 2023 · schema = (source) overrides sqlalchemy. This section references SQLAlchemy schema metadata, a comprehensive system of describing and inspecting database schemas. limit(100000) ) # Then get the column names . columns collection of this _schema. py. Table`, where it is taken as the value of the :paramref:`_schema. Other variants of Mapped are available, most commonly the relationship() construct indicated above. ORDER BY name; Jan 23, 2014 · Hey I created a small module that helps easily reflecting all tables in a database you connect to with SQLAlchemy, give it a look: EZAlchemy from EZAlchemy. Parameters: Mar 30, 2021 · Does SQLAlchemy support ALTER TABLE, CREATE VIEW, CREATE TRIGGER, Schema Upgrade Functionality?¶ General ALTER support isn’t present in SQLAlchemy directly. 4. It consists on a SQLite infrastructure with a single table my_users in which I add some content. Nov 19, 2021 · Default Oracle schema matches the username that was used in Oracle connection. from . It supports a few methods of accessing these table objects, such as the sorted_tables accessor which returns a list of each Table object in order of foreign key dependency (that is, each table is preceded by all tables which it references): May 5, 2024 · Setting up MetaData with Table objects ¶. If Jupyter Notebook's response speed is any indication, that representation isn't filled in (with data from your existing database) until the query is executed. answered Nov 15, 2019 at 15:36. Views are instead returned using the Inspector. Create the engine first, then read the metadata from the db using the engine. See Customizing DDL for a discussion on this subject. This process is called reflection. 4 I was getting a 'will be depricated in v 2. Declare Models. Jun 28, 2017 · 1. For more information, see runtime inspection API. Then it should be possible to query the May 5, 2024 · There’s also a special form of Engine available via create_mock_engine() that allows one to dump an entire metadata creation sequence as a string, using this recipe: from sqlalchemy import create_mock_engine def dump(sql, *multiparams, **params): print(sql. (variables db, Model etc is used from flask sqlalchemy quickstart) May 26, 2023 · But when I try to list table names using Sqlalchemy inspector I don't see any tables from "rezerwacja_domkow" schema. set_table_styles() Syntax : set_table_styles(self, table_styles) Parameters : table_styles : List, each individual table_style should be a dictionary with selector and props I'm really new to SQLAlchemy, and I love it. According to the example in the documentation, if the table name is MONTGOMERY_EMPLOYEE, you should be able to create a class using the snippet: Base = automap_base() Base. metadata_obj = MetaData() MetaData is a container object that keeps together many different features of a database (or multiple databases) being described. classname_for_table hook to apply different classnames on a per-schema basis, or by using the AutomapBase. Passed to methods like Connection. Aug 14, 2016 · using this sqlalchemy. target_fullname ¶ Return a string based ‘column specification’ for this ForeignKey. ka dv jk tr wj zt ad zs ks ww